Noël Nouvelet French Christmas Carol

Noà «l Nouvelet is a traditional French Christmas and New Years carol. The song was long ago translated into English as Sing We Now of Christmas, though the lyrics are somewhat different. The translation given here is the literal translation of the original French Christmas carol. Lyrics and Translation Noà «l Nouvelet Noà «l nouvelet, Noà «l chantons ici,Dà ©votes gens, crions à   Dieu merci  !New Christmas, Christmas we sing here,Devout people, let us shout our thanks to God!Chorus : Chantons Noà «l pour le Roi nouvelet  ! (bis)Noà «l nouvelet, Noà «l chantons ici  !Chorus:Let us sing Christmas for the new King! (repeat)New Christmas, Christmas we sing here.Lange disait! pasteurs partez dici!En Bethlà ©em trouverez langelet.ChorusThe angel said! Shepherds leave this place!In Bethlehem youll find the little angel.ChorusEn Bethlà ©em, à ©tant tous rà ©unis,Trouvà ¨rent lenfant, Joseph, Marie aussi.ChorusIn Bethlehem, all united,Were found the child, Joseph, and Mary too.ChorusBientà ´t, les Rois, par là ©toile à ©claircis,A Bethlà ©em vinrent une matinà ©e.ChorusSoon, the Kings, by the bright starTo Bethlehem came one morning.ChorusLun partait lor; lautre lencens bem;Là ©table alors au Paradis semblait.ChorusOne brought gold, the other priceless incense;The stable thus seemed like Heaven.Chorus Noà «l Nouvelet  History and Meaning This traditional French carol dates from the late 15th century and the early 16th century. The word nouvelet has the same root as  Noà «l, both stemming from the word for news and newness. Some sources say it was a New Years song. But others point out that the lyrics all speak of the news of the birth of the Christ child in Bethlehem, the announcement by angels to the shepherds in the fields, looking forward to the visit of the Three Kings and the presentation of their gifts to the Holy Family. Everything points to a Christmas carol rather than celebrating the New Year. This carol celebrates all of the figures in the  crà ¨che, the handmade nativity scenes found throughout France, where they are part of the Christmas celebration in homes and in town squares. This song would be sung by families at home and at community gatherings rather than as part of the liturgy in Roman Catholic churches at the time it was written. There are many versions found from those early centuries. It was printed in the  1721 Grande Bible des noà «ls, taunt vieux que nouveaus.  Translations into English and variations in French would all be colored by the denominational differences between Christian faiths and doctrines. The song is in a minor key, in Dorian mode. It shares its first five notes with the hymn,  Ave, Maris Stella Lucens Miseris.  The tune is used in, of course, the English version, Sing We Now of Christmas. But it is also repurposed for the Easter hymn, Now the Green Blade Rises, written in 1928 by John Macleod Cambell Crum. It is used for several translations into English of a hymn based on the writings of Thomas Aquinas, Adoro Te Devote, A Meditation on the Blessed Sacrament. The carol remains popular both in French and in its English variations.

Causes And Effects Of World War II - 1370 Words

Causes and Effects of World War II World War II has been considered one of the worst things to ever occur in history. Violence, death and aggression took place in the 1930s and 1940s in certain European nations. German leader, Hitler played an important, yet a very big role during this time. With the rise and domination of fascism in Germany and Italy, the goal was to maintain peace, established by the Treaty of Versailles ended up in major disaster. World War II began with the poor economic conditions in Europe after World War I and the confrontation of clashing forms of governments and in the end it brought about positive and negative changes of the world. World War II began on September 1st, 1939 when Germany invaded Poland; this invasion led to the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, The Great Depression, and the Holocaust. World War II began when Germany invaded Poland when Hitler tried convincing Britain and France that the invasion was a defensive act by bringing living space for the Germans but Britain and France was not convinced. â€Å"Hitler gave orders for the Poland invasion to begin on August 26, but on August 25 he delayed the attack when he learned that Britain had signed a new treaty with Poland, promising military support should it be attacked.† (â€Å"Germans Invade Poland.†) World War II had gotten more than 50 countries to be a part of the Allies who were against the Axis. These countries were led by Great Britain, The Soviet Union, France, China and TheShow MoreRelatedThe Cause And Effects Of The World War II1291 Words   |  6 PagesAn Pham Mr. Grosse World History Research Paper February 10, 2017 The Cause and Effects of the World War II The world has changed since that day, September 1, 1939, with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, the start of World War 2. There were many fluctuations in economic terms as well as the politics of some powerful countries in the world also started from there. This is a catastrophic world war between the Allied forces and the Axis under fascism. Although this war just lasted in 6 years,Read MoreCause and Effect of World War II880 Words   |  3 PagesWorld War 2 was the biggest war to ever take place in the existence of mankind. without world war 2 our world would not be nearly advanced as it is now, the war caused advances in technology, weaponry, and the most important the atomic bomb. The beginning of WW2 began during 1939, however before this date there had been a few other conflicts in Asia that most people believe actually started the war.world war 2 had one of the biggest influences on how the world functions in todays world. ThereRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of World War II Essay828 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War II was fought between two main opposing forces, the Allies and the Axis forces. The Axis powers consisted of Germany, Italy, and Japan being the most dominant. On the other hand, some of the countries in the Allied powers were Great Britain, the United States, France, Australia, New Zealand, India, the Soviet Union, Canada, and Greece. Adolph Hitler became head of Germany’s National Socialists Party in July of 1921. By 1933 the once unknown Hitler was given dictatorial power. AsRead MoreThe War I And World War II1660 Words   |  7 Pagesin thehistory of the world were World War I and World War II. World War I occurred from 1914 to 1918. World War I was caused by militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism and assassination (MANIA). The first four causations were more of a build-up to it. Then, once the Arch-Duke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, the buildup was sparked. This can be compared to pouring gasoline on the ground and then lighting it on fire. World War II occurred from 1939 to 1945.World War II was caused by the discontentRead MoreThe Causes Of The First World War1395 Words   |  6 PagesThe causes of the First World War were similar and differed from the causes of the Second World War politically, economically, and socially. Both of these significant, historical events were substantia lly affected by the interaction of dominating societies during this time period. During the First World War, these leading societies were the European authorities of Britain, Germany, and Austria, with slight assistance from the U.S. However, the United States allocated their full engagement duringRead MoreIn The Modern Era, Technology Has Become The Driving Force1699 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world and has led to many positive advancements, however when incorporating technological advancements into war, it can be said that technology has had more negative effects rather than positive ones. 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The wartime controls had replaced the free enterprise, exchange controls and import-export regulations had replaced the free trade. The inflation had undermined the sanctity of property. The war had shrunk the rights of individuals and enhanced the power of the State. The politicizing of economic and social life means that every dispute and every disagreement were now become the matter of national interest. This rivalry had startedRead MoreJazz Music And The Musicians Essay1168 Words   |  5 Pages Jazz music – and the musicians – played a pivotal role in World War II. During the war there were a lot of patriotic songs, as well as songs about military life, humor, and religion written in the Jazz genre. There were also numerous artists that went overseas to perform. One of these artists was Glen Miller, who raised soldier’s morale by modernizing the army band. Jazz was also used as a type of weapon in the war. During the war there were a lot of patriotic songs, as well as songs about militaryRead MoreSlaughterhouse Five Are Obvious And Piercing As One1139 Words   |  5 PagesVonnegut’s anti-war novel, Slaughterhouse Five, illustrates the ghastly experiences within World War II and the journey through the universe and time of the main character, Billy Pilgrim. Although war is a sensitive subject in most cases, Vonnegut’s sarcastic, dark humor on the matter helps bring light to the fact that war is horrendous. Slaughterhouse Five demonstrates the reality of war throughout its major themes, historical accuracy, and Kurt Vonnegut’s personal experiences within World War II that shines

The Character of Cities Free Essays

In this course we have learned that a city’s character is â€Å"a legacy for seeing, interpreting, exploiting, and transforming its social, cultural and political opportunities as a physical community. † How is it possible for a city like Boston to have character? Well, the institutional and cultural continuity along with the resistance and reconstruction of culture has allowed the character of Boston to be defined simply by the underlying idea of conflict. Through J Anthony Lukas’ Common Ground and Richard Broadman’s Mission Hill and the Miracle of Boston, we can see that the catalyst for this sense of conflict has been social dissentions between classes and races. We will write a custom essay sample on The Character of Cities or any similar topic only for you Order Now These dissentions are clearly detailed through both the Urban Renewal plans of Mission Hill in the 1960s and 1970s and the school busing case of 1974. When looking at the character of Boston one must understand the amount of controversy our city has encountered as well as the way they have identified and resolved these crisis’s. Through this deduction along with my own personal experience of living in Boston a step towards finding a distinct character of Boston may be possible. When analyzing conflict as the character of Boston, you will find that conflict is triadic not dyadic. This means that there are three parties involved instead of just two parties. This is important when looking at the two issues of urban renewal and busing. The concept of conflict includes established insiders with many options, struggling insiders with some options and ascendant outsiders with few or no options. When comparing this information to both urban renewal cases and the busing you will see that Boston does in fact have three parties for each of its conflicts. The politicians play the role of the established insiders; the white race plays the role as the struggling insiders and the minorities especially the African-Americans play the role of the ascendant outsiders. An alliance between the established insiders and the ascendant outsiders caused the isolation of the struggling insiders and this provides us with the busing case of 1974. When these groups form alliances or make certain deals the health of the city especially Boston may be disturbed. Boston has always been an ambivalent city when it comes to looking at new issues. This ambivalence has caused much friction and has brought much confusion and anger to the citizens of the city of Boston. For example, In Richard Broadman’s Mission Hill Miracle of Boston, you see a detailed look at the urban renewal plans for Mission Hill in the 1970s. Could it be possible that Mission Hill would end up like the West End? There was no chance that Mission Hill would end up like the West End because of the interaction and care the citizens of the Hill had for its neighborhood. Many of the people of Boston especially the Irish-Catholics had been oppressed for so long, for example the slogan, â€Å"Irish need not apply! † However when James Michael Curley came to office as mayor of Boston he gave the citizens of Boston a new hope. The conflict during his reign existed between the Yankees and the Irish. The Yankees owned the city while the Irish ran the city politically. The variance of the Yankee world of Harvard University, the Back Bay and Beacon Hill from the lives of a typical Irish Mission Hill citizen was pretty substantial. With the reign of Curley a sense of confidence in the Irish-Catholic community existed long after his term in office. Even though Curley was not reelected the atmosphere that he created in Boston lingered on and trickled down throughout the next two decades. From Mission Hill once being â€Å"an industrial neighborhood part of thriving industrial city,† is now today â€Å"an area torn by racial conflict with many burned and abandoned houses and factories with large open spaces where homes once stood. † From this 1974 quote you can get a sense of the aftermath of the urban renewal and flight of the African-American population into the projects. When the Urban Renewal Act was first presented, the citizens of the Hill were adamant about their disdain for the Act. There is â€Å"no way are they gonna take any property on Mission Hill because if they take one street then it was the beginning of the end; Mission Hill would no longer be. † The sense of community in Mission Hill was fantastic. The sense of togetherness and fight was combined and created into a massive force of angered citizens. The Urban Renewal Act was halted when the families of Mission Hill marched on the State House coming in droves of people. But the conflict between the citizens and the politicians would take a new turn when Harvard University and the hospitals would enter into the battle. New conflict, new problems. The idea of â€Å"who cares about the people only the land is important† was very evident. Before in 1941 when the first small projects were built, an affordable, easy cost of living was accessible. The difference between these projects and the ones built later in the 1950s was that you had voters and political pull actually living in these projects. So the projects were kept safe, new and beautiful. However, when the political pull was lost and the projects lost its importance blacks were forced to live there. Whites felt that Blacks were forced on them because of the Urban Renewal plan. Before this the Blacks and the Whites never really crossed paths and never had much conflict. And Harvard’s involvement had been trying to buy out the Mission Hill area since 1960. They have tried to buy it out piece by piece like a puzzle. The citizens of the Hill feel that â€Å"they are letting the neighborhood go to the dogs. † This conflict has been such a problem that some people believed in the 1970s that Mission Hill might one day not exist because of the growth of the hospitals. Boston according to J Anthony Lukas is the â€Å"cradle of liberty, no city in the nation can boast so many revolutionary events. †(Lukas, 315) When talking about conflict and the city of Boston the most recent case would be the school busing case of 1974. There is no bigger case concerning the desegregation of schools in the city of Boston. The reaction from the citizens of the city especially the citizens of South Boston and Charlestown have made Boston famous for its volatile reaction. In June of 1974 Judge Arthur Garrity found the city of Boston guilty of de facto segregation of the public school system. In that, he tried to get the school committee to adopt a plan for integration but they refused. He was forced along with the state Department of Education to devise a plan that would integrate the Boston public schools. This plan entailed busing black students to nearby white schools in order for the black students to receive an equal opportunity of education. When these black students arrived to class on September 12, 1974 they were greeted with stoned buses, people shouting racial profanities at them, and people hurling eggs and rotten tomatoes. A typical day according to Phyllis Ellison, a black student who attended South Boston High School, included â€Å"between 10 to 15 fights! † â€Å"Teachers were almost afraid to say the wrong thing, because they knew that it would excite the whole class. † On December 11, 1974 tension ran high and escalated further. A black student at South Boston High stabbed a white classmate. This created such problems that black students had to hide in the principle’s office in order to stay free from any violent behavior towards them. Parents were forced to come pick their children up; some even carried their children out. The scene in the schools was out of control. J Anthony Lukas explains how school would be canceled at least once or twice a week because tension was too high. Lisa McGoff Collins explains, â€Å"I missed so many days of my junior year from walkouts and sit-ins and boycotts, I’m surprised I got promoted. † In Common Ground, we are introduced to three very different families. Through Lukas’ extensive interviews with the black family, the Twymons, the white middle class family, the Divers and the working Irish class family, the McGoffs we are invited into the world of the desegregation case of 1974. Lukas is able to present the ideas of the city of Boston (the school committee and the politicians) as well as the ideas of the three families from three very different lenses. Lukas’ book provides us with a valuable insight into the American urban experience, as it makes clear that urban communities stem from the perceptions and fears of every type of urban resident. It is evident that the residents of South Boston fall into this category. Many students as well as their parents spent that first day of school out on the street pelting the buses with whatever objects they could find. A boycott of the schools led to a 20 percent attendance record throughout that fall. South Boston residents were angered by the way this was being forced onto them. South Boston was a safe, industrious neighborhood that was being used to bear the brunt of the busing problems. â€Å"Why should a kid from across town be forced to wear another school’s colors on the gridiron? † This sense of competition and loyalty to your hometown was ever present and strong. People felt that Garrity being a WASP was getting his ultimate revenge on the Irish of Boston, â€Å"busing would fix them. To understand what busing did to South Boston one must look at the numbers. In the decade before busing only 3 black students had been enrolled in South Boston High School. By 1986, South Boston High still had the highest percentage of white students but it was down to about 30 percent. This is a great variance from the early 1970s. South Boston was changing and the city of Boston was changing. What has busing done to the city of Boston? It has given the city a better understanding of how to live with various ethnic races. Also, it has woken the city up and gotten rid of the fright that many people lived with in Boston. The fright of the other races and the possibilities of what these â€Å"races† could do to us. As the population grew and the sense of loyalty to your hometown outgrew busing became more accepted. In a way the people of Boston have learned from this social experiment. I believe that in trying to desegregate the schools and using busing as a tool, that we have brought education in Boston to an ultimate low. However, the diversity and experiences kids are introduced to may someday help in their own personal lives. Personally, coming from a prestigious school which is now addressing its own racial quota problems; I am glad I was introduced to many ethnic people. It was not only the minorities that enriched my life but it was the other white kids from Southie and Charlestown that I became intrigued by. I was interested in how a kid like me (that looked like me and had the same interests) acted even though he or she was from a different part of Boston. In some instances I had more in common with the black kid from Mattapan than the white kid from South Boston. The issue of what type of education you want your child to be exposed to the central theme here. Do you want the prestigious scholastic education of a Boston Latin or do you want the diversity of a Snowden or South Boston High. Boston has done a pretty good job at identifying important issues for the city to deal with but the decisions they have made concerning the urban renewal and bussing have left many people wondering what is going on with the city. Maybe these instances where city officials and politicians mess up help build the â€Å"character† of the city. What type of a city is Boston? That is a question that has many answers. Is it the Athens of America or the home of Yankee conservatives who want to stamp out diversity? In an overview one can see that Boston has built its reputation through the conflict that it has encountered. Whether the city has addressed these issues with the right answers or not it has made Boston a better place to be because it has already experienced so many things. From early revolutionary leaders to the fairly recent quota case at Boston Latin, Boston had seen its share of social dissention. Boston has resolved conflicts between different groups very professionally and orderly. In the past thirty years since the busing case not many cases of racial problems have surfaced. I think Boston provides the country with a very detailed and specific look at its issues. It seems that all sides of the issue are looked at very carefully before a decision is made. Through the urban renewal case and the busing case of 1974 one can see that when finding a distinct characteristic one would find conflict to be it. This sense of conflict surrounds every issue and blankets the ideas expressed in the movie, Mission Hill Miracle of Boston and the book Common Ground. How to cite The Character of Cities, Essay examples

Leadership and Management Nongovernmental Organization

Question: Discuss about the Leadership and Management for Nongovernmental Organization. Answer: Introduction: World Vision is a leading nongovernmental organization which is spread all over the world. The main aim of this organization is to eradicate poverty in different disadvantageous areas by including the inhabitants into regular working fields like agriculture, handicrafts and many others. Their main initiatives that had been taken by them for the purpose are community development, humanitarian and emergency relief, tackling injustice through effective policy change and advocacy (World Vision, 2015). They also try engaging more Australians into these initiatives for better output and to achieve goal easily. This organization has appointed different employees who have the same will and vision of serving the humanity just like that of the organization's vision. The same vision when shared by the organization as well as their employees, the goals is achieved easily. Out of 652 employees, 543 workers are based on full time, and 109 are part-timers. The organization has strategically divided the tasks among different employees based on the employee's own interests (World Vision, 2015). There is an effective program resource team who are mainly concerned with managing donations of noncash resources to meet critical needs. Separating the cash and noncash resource management team, they had strategically been able to handle out situations without conflicts and at the same time helped in effective communication between the two teams. They have kept employees under many designations based on their fields of expertise and their typical skill of communication in that field. This is an effective stra tegy as this will help the organization to bring out the best outcome for each that will help in fulfilling a bigger interconnected objective (Anderson, 2014). There is contact center consultant who helps to discover values and best outcomes of their supporters so that they perform their best. This relationship helps to provide a sense of reliability and security among the workers. Manager of marketing communications is mainly involved in effective interaction and discussion of the core values that are contributed by their supporters to bring out the best effects. Their effective ways of handling the invited ideas of the supporters help in building a relation of companionship and trust and the workers and supporters feel a sense of acceptance and importance. Security and safety managers remain on 24 hours assistance to guide the safety and security issues of the workers (World Vision, 2015). The Aid campaign project manager aims to bring more and more Australians to dedicate themsel ves of this noble initiative. There is also the pastoral care manager who is appointed with the sole aim of creating bonds between the employees so that they can maintain a healthy relationship among themselves and help each other to reach goals easily. From the employment of the above important designation, one can find out that the organization has set up the best strategize where each and every person has the primary aim of creating a bonding between every worker that would help the supporters to be happy and contempt (World Vision, 2017). The organization knows that a growing perfect relationship between the employees and that of the employees with the organization would help to achieve goals easily (Knowles, Servatika Sullivan, 2016). The organization has discussed extensively the safety and security concerns among themselves and had implemented policies after thorough discussion with policy makers and senior leaders. They had taken active steps to spread safety awareness and visibility and engagement. The concerned risk assessment managers were given scopes to update hazard profile and activate risk management processes (Faulkner et al., 2015). They developed induction programs with new visions and incorporating hazards, define safety roles and responsibilities to the supporters so that they can do not face any serious accidents or crisis and many others. Another important role the risk managers played was to develop and streamline the med fit program which helped to ensure whether the employees are fit for development The hiring policies of the employees do not seek for any information about the sexual preferences of the employees. They seek to ask no questions about family related matters and strictly believe that the employees need to read, sign and abide by the Child Protection Policy and undertake criminal record checks before commencing employment. They do not ask any questions about sexual orientation, marriage or lifestyle choices during recruitment interviews. Moreover, particular promotion of absence of discrimination or harassment is clearly not mentioned, but it can be assumed that all the employees work with their will on their chosen project and are very compassionate towards human kind. Therefore discrimination and harassment are considered to be monitored and strictly handled so that their main mission is not hampered. Regarding equality, it is also seen that the government do not discriminate on the gender of the workers and appoints males and females based on their skills, experiences, knowledge and capability to perform a specific role. Different types of risks always remain associated with the employees who have to travel and stay in the midst of various communities with the objective to develop the community through proper health education and livelihood strategies. This may include insensitivity due to cultural differences, anger and ferociousness of different tribal groups, ethical differences and many others. This may lead to severe negative impacts like injury, accidents and even several crises which may not always have time to be to act according to the risk management procedures. This may lead to life threats. Moreover, poverty stricken areas may also provide difficulty for the volunteers who may not survive there for long. This may be taken as a failure that may break the employee's motivation and confidence. All these may have negative impacts on labor forces, and associated workers may be influenced, and they may leave the organization in bulks, ultimately harming the organizations mission (Brothers, 2015 ). Crisis of funds may also arise which may lead to compromised working quality and delay in achieving goals for the organization The list of potential lists would include insufficient fund raise that would affect the coursework planned for completion of a particular motive. This may also involve improper communication between the employees leading to miscommunication, anger, jealousy and others. Similar interest to work on a particular project may arise within the individual which when not addressed properly may lead to disappointments and anguish. Other may include cultural differences as this organization offers employment to a variety of workforces irrespective of caste, creed and religion. To resolve the above mentioned problems, a good management system is to be prepared by the organization although they possess a capable one. However, internal conflicts are a very serious concern, and therefore skilled managers and experts need to be employed who would have a good knowledge in relationship development and marinating human resources effectively. The government should also categorically appoint every post and assign tasks so that there arises no issues, conflicts and confusion among different individuals. Policy development for diversity promotion program: To develop a policy to enhance the concept of diversity in the workplace, different responsibilities are to be adopted by the present employees as well as the managers of the firm (Gallinsky et al., 2015). Beside this, the policy should also pinpoint the different legal acts that should govern the different behaviors that a particularly responsible employee must possess. Engage themselves in a variety of educational workshops that would be based on workplace diversity. This would ensure the employees to understand how to treat colleagues of other cultures and also the positive outcomes that it will possess. Handle every issue of complaints of harassment, bullying or insults complained by a particular employee. Care should be taken that the victim or the accused employee are properly treated and made to understand their faults. Ensure that all the performances and the assignments to be completed by the employees must follow the diversity principle rules that the organization follows. This would prevent confusion and conflicts. Proper support and encouragement to be provided so that every employee can experience flexible working arrangement and conditions. Behave properly in a way that will help to promote the enhancement of culture which values diversity among fellow workers. Capable of aligning one's own and other's diverse skills and talents that would help to provide a high quality work output supporting all the cultures (Bond Haynes, 2014). Not harass or insult another employee because of his different cultural and diversity values and rather try to be tolerant towards their views. Maintain the rules and regulations under that follow the APS Values and Employment Principles and the codes of conduct. The legal framework that the company should follow and maintain consists of acts which when not followed may result in penalty and punishment for the individual accused (Dobbin Kaley, 2013). The acts that should be followed are Public Service Act 1999, Racial Discrimination Act, 1975, Sex Determination Act 1984, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Community Act 1986 and Fair Wok Act 2009. References: Anderson, G. (2014). Being charitable [Book Review].Law Society Journal: the official journal of the Law Society of New South Wales,52(3), 82. Bond, M. A., Haynes, M. C. (2014). Workplace diversity: A socialecological framework and policy implications.Social Issues and Policy Review,8(1), 167-201. Brothers, M. J. (2015).Rebalancing Public Partnership: Innovative Practice Between Government and Nonprofits from Around the World. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Dobbin, F., Kalev, A. (2013). The origins and effects of corporate diversity programs. Elliott, J. H., Turner, T., Clavisi, O., Thomas, J., Higgins, J. P., Mavergames, C., Gruen, R. L. (2014). Living systematic reviews: an emerging opportunity to narrow the evidence-practice gap.PLoS Med,11(2), e1001603. Faulkner, M., Truong, O., Romaniuk, J. (2015). Barriers to Increasing Donor Support Evidence on the Incidence and Nature of Brand Rejection.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,44(5), 1007-1025. Galinsky, A. D., Todd, A. R., Homan, A. C., Phillips, K. W., Apfelbaum, E. P., Sasaki, S. J., ... Maddux, W. W. (2015). Maximizing the Gains and Minimizing the Pains of Diversity A Policy Perspective.Perspectives on Psychological Science,10(6), 742-748. Knowles, S., Servtka, M., Sullivan, T. (2016). Deadlines, Procrastination, and Inattention in Charitable Tasks: A Field Experiment.Available at SSRN 2576625. World Vision,. (2017). Annual report, 2015. Worldvision.com.au. Retrieved 10 January 2017, from https://www.worldvision.com.au/docs/default-source/annual-reports/wv-annual-reports/annual-report-2015-v2.pdf?sfvrsn=2

Revenue Recognition And Theories of Accounting free essay sample

The Joint Project Revenue recognition requirements in US generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) differ from those in International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs); the former consists of broad concepts whereas IFRSs contain fewer standards, but applying the two main standards to complex transactions were difficult and needed improvement (Australian Accounting Standards Board, 2010). Accordingly, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) initiated a joint project to clarify the revenue recognising principles and to establish a common revenue standard that would: (a)remove inconsistencies in existing standards; (b)provide a sturdier framework for addressing revenue recognition issues; (c)improve comparability across entities, industries, and capital markets; and (d) require enhanced disclosures (IFRS Foundation, 2010). The proposed new standard would clarify recognition, measurement and disclosure of revenue. If adopted, revenue would be recognised when goods or services, or both, are transferred to the customer (IFRS Foundation, 2011). In contrast, current approach to earning revenue is based on the income statement. We will write a custom essay sample on Revenue Recognition And Theories of Accounting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Impact of Revenue Recognition Revenue reporting directly  impacts an entitys results of operations and financial position, therefore any changes in the revenue recognition model can have a fundamental consequence on a company’s results. Accordingly, the proposed model could have a significant impact on several industries. For example, the recognition of revenue for the licence of intellectual property is dependant upon the customer obtaining control of the asset. The proposals may result in some entities recognising revenue over the term of the licence instead of upon the granting of it, thereby delaying its recognition (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2010). Importance of Revenue It is widely recognised that revenue is one of the most important items in financial statements and that revenue recognition is one of the toughest issues standard-setters and accountants face. Apart from its monetary importance, users of financial statements attach great value to revenue in making investment decisions on the basis of its trends and growth, evaluating the companys past performance and making predictions about its ability to generate cash flows in the future. Why has revenue been given such significance? Reflecting on this, the work of Hines (1988, 1991) can be considered. Hines stresses a perspective that ‘financial accounting practices are implicated in the construction and reproduction of the social world’, arguing that emphasising particular performance attributes such as profits, or elements like revenue which determine profits, gives legitimacy to organisations. Furthermore, Hines also adopted the view that accountants create the impression that things like revenue only exist once we decide to recognise them, thereby making them real-ised. Essentially it is we who have created revenue to be associated with transactions and events holding such significance and subsequently defining it as crucial in assessing performance. The Development of Models amp; Theories As for revenue recognition models, its development is supposedly grounded in the principles in the existing Conceptual Framework (CF) (Wustemann amp; Kierzek, 2005). The CF sets out major accounting objectives with concepts and general principles specified in the standards for particular types of transactions and events. The interaction of these and professional judgement can well be demonstrated in the area of revenue recognition, discussed later below. Although CFs are defined by the FASB as ‘a coherent system of interrelated objectives and fundamentals that can lead to consistent standards’, Hines (1989) suggested CFs are merely ‘a strategic manoeuvre for providing legitimacy to standard-setting boards and the accounting profession’. She believed the qualitative characteristics of comparability, completeness and consistency of accounting information could not be achieved due to the CF’s lack of theoretical foundation. The CF is an example of a normative theory of accounting because it prescribes guidance such as the qualitative characteristics financial information should possess, as contrasted with positive theories, which seek to explain and/or predict particular phenomena (Deegan, 2009). Both theories are developed on the basis of deductive reasoning, which relies upon the use of logic to develop arguments and related theory. Although typically all research and theories are value-laden, the prescriptive nature of normative theories means more value judgement and social biasness is involved in its development, which may be a reason for the apparent functional failure of CFs. Raymond Chambers (1957) was a distinguished contributor to normative theory; he developed the Continuously Contemporary Accounting theory that describes how financial accounting should be undertaken, suggesting that the most useful information about an organisation’s assets for the purposes of economic decision-making is information about their ‘current cash equivalents’. Alternatively, positive theories begin with some assumptions and, through logical deduction, enable explanations or predictions to be made, typically evaluated by considering how well these relate to actual observations. Watts and Zimmerman (1978) developed the Positive Accounting Theory, which seeks to predict and explain why managers prefer adopting particular accounting methods, but neither guides us nor tells us anything about current practice’s efficiency. Contrastingly, going backwards, early development of accounting theory relied on descriptive research based on the process of induction, which is the development of ideas or theories by codifying common accounting practices based on observation. Paton and Littleton (1940) were two notable theorists who supported this form of research. They introduced the revenue and expense view, which proposed recognising revenue when it is earned or realised and matching the related costs with those revenues, assuming profit accrues throughout the entire earnings process. As a result, accounting income does not have an intrinsic definition and is operationally defined as the result of applying those principles. However, standard-setters have since proposed changing from the revenue and expense view to the asset and liability view, which somewhat restricts the application of the realisation principle and the matching principle, in order to curb arbitrary judgements and to achieve a more consistent income determination (American Accounting Association). Shifts in Theory Evidently over several decades there have been shifts from one theory to another, such as from early positive theories to normative theories of accounting, and more specifically, from an income statement approach to that of a balance sheet-driven model for revenue recognition. In explaining the reason for this, consider Kuhn’s (1962) explanation of how knowledge development is revolutionary, whereby one theory is replaced by another as particular researchers denigrate an existing paradigm and advance an improved alternative. Principal to this conversion is the role of value judgements and the individual value systems they are founded on. Different researchers work from different paradigms that provide greatly distinct perspectives on the topic of research, based on their respective value judgements. Thus, any changes in their value judgements alter their paradigm, enabling them to gain insight into and possibly become proponents of newer concepts that they see as superior. The role of value judgements is pervasive in all choices and conclusions. In accounting for organisations, since many transactions and events are incomprehensively addressed in the standards, managers and accountants must often use judgement when applying accounting standards. The reliance on principles over rules results in an inconsistent application because it allows management to exert judgement differently in identical cases through the choice of dissimilar accounting methods (Wustemann, 2010). Another reason for the shift from different accounting models could be to improve accounting standards and the credibility of accounting itself (Heffes amp; Orenstein, 2005). Accounting standards and measurement principles, and hence financial statements, are full of management estimates that are the result of differing value judgements or attempts to structure transactions to attain a specific accounting result rather than properly reflecting its economic substance. This has led to accounting losing its integrity and true purpose of communicating relevant and reliable information. In the case of sub-prime mortgage loans and the sale of their cash flows through collateralised debt obligations (CDOs), the assumption that real estate prices would continue to rise was shown to be a false assumption, estimates of default rates were too low, and the adequacy of credit enhancements was overestimated (Walters, 2008). Financial statement information, based on these flawed estimates and assumptions, was only proven to be wrong when real estate prices began falling, leading to the collapse of the sub-prime mortgage market. Thus, the development of newer accounting models and standards aim for the specification of particular accounting treatment resulting in financial information that more accurately reflects a company’s position and performance. It aspires to increase the efficacy of the accounting function and prevent the occurrence of similar crises. Conclusion This essay explored the reasons for the emergence of the IASB-FASB joint project on revenue recognition as an attempt to improve financial reporting by clarifying the principles for recognising revenue and creating a single joint revenue recognition standard that companies can apply consistently. The proposed revenue recognition model could have a significant accounting impact for several industries because of revenue being one of the most important indicators of a successful business, which directly affects financial results. The reason for revenue being pivotal may be merely due to the emphasis given to it as a key performance attribute that signals justification of support for particular organisations, as suggested by Hines. Concerning revenue recognition models, their development is apparently based on the essential elements of the CF, which are thoroughly discussed by standard-setting constituents, broadly understood and generally agreed upon before issuance of related standards. However, the CF has been viewed as failing technically and functionally, its purpose seemingly ‘to assist in socially constructing the appearance of a coherent differentiated knowledge base for accounting standard’ (Hines). Revenue recognition models have thus gone through several changes due to ongoing discussions surrounding the appropriate accounting treatment of revenue and the value judgements underlying those dialogues. Such modifications endeavour to promote accounting standards’ and principles’ credibility, to assist the accounting profession recover from scandals that have led to its reputation being questioned.

Free Essays on Structural Criminology

John Hagan was born on February 15, 1946. He is currently married and living in Canada where he is a professor, in the Department of Sociology, at the University of Toronto. Hagan was a "draft dodger" during the 1960’s. He fled to Canada from the United States, because he feared that he would be drafted into the Vietnam war. Hagan wanted to continue his education and therefore did not want to go to war. He received his B.A., in Sociology, at the University of Illinois in 1968. He received his M.A. and Ph.D., in Sociology, from the University of Alberta in 1971 and 1974. Hagan has had numerous teaching appointments. Among them are Professor of Sociology and Law at the University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, from 1994-1996 and Professor in the Department of Sociology, at the University of Wisconsin, from 1980-1982. Hagan has written numerous books and journal articles. Among them are The Disreputable Pleasures , Crime and Disrepute, Criminological Controversies, Mean Streets. Among Hagan’s many journal articles are The Class Structure of gender and Delinquency: Toward a Power-Control Theory of Common Delinquent Behavior, Gender, delinquency, and the Great Depression: a test of power-control theory, Class in the Household: A Power-control Theory of Gender and Delinquency, Feminist scholarship, relational and instrumental control, and a power-control theory of gender and delinquency, The structuration of gender and deviance: a power-control theory of vulnerability to crime and the search for deviant role exits, and Risk Preferences and Patriarchy: Extending Power-Control Theory. Structural Criminology John Hagan, in his book Structural Criminology, attempts to "use a structural methodology to develop theoretical perspectives on crime and delinquency". He proposes the study of social structure in terms of power relations between individuals or groups. Inherent to this structural approach to criminology, is the study of vertical,... Free Essays on Structural Criminology Free Essays on Structural Criminology John Hagan was born on February 15, 1946. He is currently married and living in Canada where he is a professor, in the Department of Sociology, at the University of Toronto. Hagan was a "draft dodger" during the 1960’s. He fled to Canada from the United States, because he feared that he would be drafted into the Vietnam war. Hagan wanted to continue his education and therefore did not want to go to war. He received his B.A., in Sociology, at the University of Illinois in 1968. He received his M.A. and Ph.D., in Sociology, from the University of Alberta in 1971 and 1974. Hagan has had numerous teaching appointments. Among them are Professor of Sociology and Law at the University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, from 1994-1996 and Professor in the Department of Sociology, at the University of Wisconsin, from 1980-1982. Hagan has written numerous books and journal articles. Among them are The Disreputable Pleasures , Crime and Disrepute, Criminological Controversies, Mean Streets. Among Hagan’s many journal articles are The Class Structure of gender and Delinquency: Toward a Power-Control Theory of Common Delinquent Behavior, Gender, delinquency, and the Great Depression: a test of power-control theory, Class in the Household: A Power-control Theory of Gender and Delinquency, Feminist scholarship, relational and instrumental control, and a power-control theory of gender and delinquency, The structuration of gender and deviance: a power-control theory of vulnerability to crime and the search for deviant role exits, and Risk Preferences and Patriarchy: Extending Power-Control Theory. Structural Criminology John Hagan, in his book Structural Criminology, attempts to "use a structural methodology to develop theoretical perspectives on crime and delinquency". He proposes the study of social structure in terms of power relations between individuals or groups. Inherent to this structural approach to criminology, is the study of vertical,...

Supervisory roles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supervisory roles - Essay Example Because the interviewee held a supervisory role at a local bookstore, there were around 15 employees that he has been supervising. The management responsibilities of a store supervisor initially revolve around the selection, hiring, and training of new employees. When these staff members have undergone the proper training and preparations for work, the store supervisor handles the responsibility for developing the schedule for staff members on a weekly or monthly basis. Because the store employs a number of sales clerks, to manage the schedule has always involved the consideration of the availability and work patterns of every personnel. Moreover, when staff members report for work, it is the job of the supervisor to establish clear communications regarding the tasks assigned for every employee as well as monitor and observe the members’ work habits. This can help ensure that their performance is satisfactory and can contribute to the store’s long-term success (Chan and Soong 22). If a store employee is incapable of accomplishing the tasks assigned by the store supervisor, the latter should then articulate the problem to the concerned employee and its possible outcomes. Probation and termination are common repercussions brought about by incompetent work; however, it is also essential that the store supervisor assists employees in identifying and practicing the measures for improving performance. On the whole, the nature of a store supervisor’s job is focused on the supervisory of service flow within the store and provision of assistance for store employees to ensure that all tasks are accomplished and a satisfactory performance is obtained. According to the interviewee, their store’s education and training requirements for store supervisors include a 2 to 3-year experience of working in similar stores and should demonstrate knowledge and ability in supervising a store, training individuals, communication, and store operations. Moral conduct and positive attitudes should also be exemplified. Nonetheless, despite the requirements necessary to become a store supervisor, further training had been provided to the store’s members, from floor employees to store supervisors and managers, to ensure high levels of performance. My interviewee had undergone training to improve worker competency with which they were provided with information and tools as a means of enhancing skills and knowledge. Certain strategies were used, including structured conferences, worker self-rating, and provision of personal feedback. An action plan had also been provided to ensure that all short-term and long-term goals and objectives were clearly outlined. For my interviewee, he believes that the three most important characteristics of a good supervisor are to be an effective administrator, an active educator, and a sincere supporter. He should be able to have clear expectations of the work in adherence to performance standards that ha ve been clearly defined and should accept the authority and power in a non-authoritarian manner. Procedures should also be clearly structured and constructive feedback must be effectively provided to workers, such as confrontation during the appropriate time as well as an honest and critical advice in such a way that the employees can be assisted in developing strength and independence. There was a time when he hired two new cashiers who had been employed part-time while attending school to finish

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 25

Business law - Essay Example bject matter is legal and Price’s act of concealing information when he contracted the different parties for prescription and multiple purchase of the drug amounts to fraud and illegality of the purchases. Similarly, Price contributed to the effects of the drug by concealing information on previous usage, and failing to inform practitioners of previous purchases of the drug reverts responsibility to him (Miller, 2014). Invalidity of the contract and contributory negligence, should validity be upheld, would inform a decision against Price. A ruling in favour of Price would induce legal liability, into payment of damages or restrictions on the parties’ professional operations, due to negligence. These would further change the parties’ guidelines to prescription and delivery of controlled medicines, by increasing strictness, and would reduce number of operations on the drugs. The ruling would also impose a negative image on the parties. Ruling in favour of the doctors and the company would however preserve operational environment, in which they prescribe and deliver controlled drugs, and earn the parties damages for tainted reputation by Price’s

Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Abortion - Essay Example explores the Divine Command Theory and debates the moral aspects of this divisive issue before touching on the practical arguments surrounding abortion by investigating its use to control population in China. The life of a human, from the time of conception, should be considered equally as viable as any individual. Consequently, the right of life as well as the social definition regarding ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ types of deaths should apply to potential lives which possess a future value of life, the same as any living person. Denying a being their future is murder. Unnatural, premature deaths that are considered justifiable by society include those that occur during war-time in addition to those that result from ‘mercy killings’ and the death penalty. Outside of these instances, society generally acts to protect all life even animals that have at least a chance of future potential. This is demonstrated by the life-saving techniques employed without question or hesitation in the case of people who wanted to end their life. Society will not allow it because it is simply wrong by any standard to end a life with potential. ‘Pro Choice’ advocat es counter this seemingly universal truth by saying just because a person has great potential doesn’t mean that they will achieve greatness in life therefore a potential life is not yet a life. They also argue that because a fetus is unconscious disqualifies it for being considered a person. Of course, emergency medical treatment is administered to unconscious people in an effort to save their life. Society mourns the death of the young more so than the old. Taking the life of a potential person who possesses an inherent value of life and is of the very youngest of society is in opposition to this widely accepted societal value.1 Various studies through the years have proven that abortion is an abhorrent physical, psychological and moral option for all concerned yet the ‘right to choose’ still

What determinants affect remittance trends and patterns in Ethiopia

What determinants affect remittance trends and patterns in Ethiopia Migration by its nature has negative impacts to the emigrant countries through brain drain especially to the developing one. (HDR, 2009) states that mobility of skilled human power harms the economy of the origin country especially for small states and poor countries. Apart from the economic point, there are also other associated problems that cant be measured in terms monetary aspects. People move within their country or cross their borders with the hope of getting better opportunities benefiting the people migrating, their families as well as their areas of origin and destination (HDR, 2009). Though it is not an easy task to come through different challenges, there are many people who combine their efforts and talents to expand their opportunities by moving into other better areas. Successful immigrants keep connected with their home country and send what is usually expected from them. The benefits could be direct remittance sent to family or for other purposes and could also be in other multidimensional effects such as technology transfers, brain gain and help strengthen diplomatic efforts in their destination and international stages. (HDR, 2009) argued that moving generally brings benefits most directly in the form of remittance sent to immediate family members, thereby generating jobs for local workers as multiplier effect and behavioural changes in response to ideas from abroad. The benefits even go beyond this by increasing investment level of their origin. Further, the same report states that at the place of origin, impacts can be seen in income and consumption, education, health and broader cultural and social process. Moreover, the macro impact can be visibly seen in the countries foreign currency reserves. This is because foreign currency reserve is one of the most important components for economic growth of developing countries. Murinde, 1993 ac cited in Elsakka and Mcnabb (1999) argued that remittances are major sources of foreign exchange for man y developing countries where its limited availability acts as a major constraint on economic development programmes and stabilization policy. For countries like Ethiopia which witnessed shortage of foreign reserves for the last three years, it is so crucial to think about how national policy can be made favourable for remittance flow. The increase in remittance not only helps in solving the foreign reserve crunch but also contributes to poverty reduction programmes through the increase of consumption at household level, encouraging investment, creating additional savings to the economy and through other multiplier effects. However, too much remittance could make the economy dependent on it which will affect the diversification of the economy for export and production. McCormick and Wahba (2000) argued that one of the drawbacks of remittance for the receiving country could beDutch Diseaseas the economy of the home country can weaken as a result of receiving remittance. Further, the d ependency on remittance could make the economy susceptible to external shocks that could decline the flow of remittance as happened in 2009 global economic downturn. But still remittance has been less volatile to external shocks than other sources of capital such as export, FDI and foreign aid in the same period when there was decline in capital flows to developing countries in the global financial crises. Remittance could be more stable than private capital flows, and that they might even provide a stabilizing element during periods of financial instability (Buch and Kuckulenz, 2004). In anyway, for countries like Ethiopia which badly needs capital inflows, this shouldnt be a concern as the country is suffering from shortage of foreign currency reserve for importing basic and capital goods. Further, dependency on remittance wouldnt be a threat as the country is progressing economically by diversifying its exports and attracting more FDI ever. Recipients however should also consider the availability of these funds could develop a continuing trend of migration of working age population (ibid: 2004). Remittance therefore could be incentives for the working age population and for the educated ones to migrate which in turn affects the overall growth of the economy in the long run. The main focus of this study will be on matters associated with remittance and its determinants. International remittances refer to the money and goods that are transmitted to households by migrant workers outside their origin countries (World Bank). The Remittance industry is one of the multi-billion industries in the world which helps countries get foreign currency from different sources abroad. The volume of remittance flow is increasing in many folds from year to year especially starting from the 1990s. The amount has shown an increase of ____fold from __ in _____to 316 billion USD in 2009 (WB, 2009). Globalization, decreasing cost of transfers and the increase in technology usage in the business could contribute for the faster increase in the flow. Remittances have been identified as the third pillar of development as their volume is second to foreign direct investment and higher than overseas development assistance.  [1]  Remittance enables income redistribution between persons and across sectors, increases consumption in excess of locally generated income and is used as source of additional capital fund (Lucas and Stark, 1985). It is for this big reason that governments have been taking different initiatives for increasing the proportion of capital flows to their account and actually the business has increased tremendously for the last few years. Its importance is inevitable especially for those developing countries which often suffer due to short of hard currency. Since 2008, developing countries have experienced foreign currency crises which in some of them resulted in shutting down businesses, high inflation, increasing the poverty level which in turn led to clashes between government and ordinary people. The World Banks official data shows that remittance flows to developing countries reached $316 billion in 2009, down 6% from $336 billion in 2008 but is expected to increase by 6.2% to $335 billion in 2010 (World Bank, 2010). Unofficial remittances are believed to be large enough to underestimate the figure of the total remittance flow. Howe ver, Official Development Assistance was three times less than the above figure at the same period. This is not to underestimate the volume of ODA given to developing countries, but to show how much attention is given to ODA than to remittances as sources of capital flows. The same data sources (WB and ODA figures) reveal similar trends for Africa. Some studies on this issue show that remittances have direct implications for the development of developing countries both in household and national level. However, some countries are not giving that much emphasis for changing and increasing remittance flow to their country; if taken, the initiatives are not enough to bring change. Ethiopia like any other developing country needs remittance flow to its account so as to help the countrys overall development. It is one of the countries which passed critical times since 2008 due to hard currency crunch. Still there is no guarantee for this problem. For passing these hard times, the country has been dependent on foreign aid from the IMF to stabilize its economy.  [2]  Further the country has also been one of the main recipients of foreign aid from other sources. Ethiopia stands third next to Iraq and Afghanistan on the list of ODA recipient by taking 3% of the total Official Development Assistance given to developing countries in 2008 (ODA, 2010). This doesnt include the capital flow from China and India which they are becoming another source of capital for Ethiopia and other African countries. However, capital flows to Ethiopia through remittances is very low when compared with the ODA and other unofficial foreign assistance. Official data from the WB shows th at remittance flow was 387 and 383 million USD in 2008 and 2009 respectively. And this flow accounts 1.5% of the GDP as of 2008.  [3]  Even with simple comparison, the remittance flow is four times as low as the amount Kenya receives from the same business. The flow of remittance to Kenya was 1692 and 1572 billion USD in 2008 and 2009 respectively.  [4]  This comparison only shows the gross flow of remittance to Ethiopia and Kenya as my main intention is to look how low the flow to Ethiopia is. To the contrary, in 2005, Ethiopian stock of emigrants was 445,926 and that of Kenya was 427, 324 (WB factbook, 2008) which makes Ethiopia advantageous over the number of people living abroad. There can be other factors that determine remittance flow; however, Ethiopia at least should have benefited more from the gross remittance flow than Kenya depending on the stock of emigrants which the actual trend is the reverse. Even without comparison with any country, the remittance flow to E thiopia is very small. What triggered me to deal with this issue is that; first, the flow of remittance to Ethiopia is much lower than from what I expected. Second, as can be seen from the above comparison with Kenya which they lay in the same geographical, social, economical and political standard in many aspects, Kenya suppressed its East African competitor by four fold in the gross remittance flow and actually Ethiopia should have been benefited more. Third, what is the reason behind this? Where the difference does lays, from the Ethiopian Diaspora or from the national policy? My aim in this study is to look into what are the determinants that made remittance to Ethiopia so low by mainly focusing on the Ethiopian Diasporas patterns of remitting. Research questions: The research problem is already explained above. To deal with the research problem, this study will focuses on the following research questions: What are the determinants that affect remittance trends and patterns of the Ethiopian immigrants in Sweden? What are the factors that affect remittance flows to Ethiopia? What makes remittance flows to Ethiopia very small? Is it in the national policy related to remittance and capital flows or it is in Ethiopian immigrants? How can this business work better for Ethiopia as source of hard currency? Methodology: The study will apply qualitative method for investigating the research questions. This method is selected based on the appropriateness to the research issues considering the effectiveness of the method to investigate research questions in depth and suitability to the phenomenon. Controversies have raged over the appropriateness of research methods in the social science as whether to use qualitative or other methods (Mikkelsen, 2004:141). Flick, (2009:15) discussed that in scientific discipline; methods become the point of reference for checking the suitability of ideas and issues for empirical investigation and should be appropriately selected and applied. Moreover, the method helps in exploring the actual explanation of facts behind the research problem. However, making generalization based on the findings is difficult as the samples taken for the study are limited in proportion for the intended generalization. (Flick, 2009: 122) asserted that generalization is not in every case the goal of qualitative study. Qualitative study typically focuses on compiling a selection of micro-level case studies which are investigated using a combination of informal interviews, participant observation (Dessai and Potter, 2006:118). It could also include exploring policy documents and other material for complementary purposes. In order to facilitate these all, a case study will be used. This is because case study helps the study to be more specific on the key aspects and focus on the issue. Thus, the research will use Ethiopian immigrants in Stockholm, Sweden as a case study. The target group will be Ethiopians living in Sweden as the writer is also living in Sweden and at the same time Sweden is one of the top favorable destinations of Ethiopian immigrants (Sweden is within top 10 as a stock to Ethiopian immigrants). Interview with selected Ethiopian immigrants in Stockholm will be used for collecting data along with other secondary materials. Semi-structured and open ended q uestions will be prepared for the interviews so as to use the advantage of high degree of flexibility during the interview. Different themes will be created while preparing the interviews so as to structure the different issues and aspects on the remittance trends of the specific interviewee. Sampling Different sampling methods are combined depending on the particular dimension of the issue being considered: different purposive sampling techniques, identification of key informants who possess the particular knowledge sought and also random encounters to cross-check information or highlight yet more differing perspectives on the same problem (Dessai and Potter, 2006:118). By doing so, the researcher will select the appropriate people or target group which will enable the study in getting reliable information. The study will use purposive sampling and key informant selection for interview. The sample will include both male and female interviewees; it will also consider taking those who have investment in Ethiopia and those who dont have, this is because investment is one factor that could affect money flow. In addition to this, the sample will consist people of different backgrounds. Apart from these interviewees, one interview will be held with the head of the economic affairs of E thiopian embassy official if the embassy allows. This will give another perspective to the study. Theoretical framework Theory increases our awareness of interconnections and of the broader significance of data. Without making theory explicit, it is easy to fall into the trap of hazy thinking, faulty logic, and imprecise concepts (Mikkelsen, 2004:156). Indeed, theory helps us to have better understanding of the study prior to the start of the project and connect the findings of the research with the existing knowledge of the issue. It is also sound to link the theory with the empirics of the study throughout the research process. For this big reason the research will use a theoretical framework which suits with the study. The literature available on the subject, determinants of remittance flows from emigrants has almost developed into two thoughts viz. the micro-economic and the macro-economic factors which it meant that most studies have been made on micro-level and macro-level. (Lucas and Stark, 1985; Lucas and Stark, 1988 ; Agarwal and Horowitz, 2002; Adams, 2008; Dustmann and Mestres, 2008; Gupta and Hedge, 2009) could be studies that support the micro-economic thought and (El-sakka and Mcnabb, 1999; Buch and Kuckulenz 2004; Higgins et al, 2004 and Ratha, 2003 ) could be in support of the macro-economic factors. These two theories give their own explanations on what affects the migrants behavior in remitting. For instance, (Lucas and Stark, 1985) in giving the initial model for the micro-economic theory of remittance argued that emigrants are motivated for remitting due to many reasons ranging from pure altruism to self interest including mutual agreements between migrants and family. Moreover, th e models did show that migrants are said to be altruistic if the flow of remittance increased with a decline in family income back home; whilst, if remittance flows are directly related with the family income back home, then they are said to be self-motivated (ibid, 1985). Beyond these two pure factors of altruism and self-interest, (Lucas and Stark, 1985) have also discussed tempered altruism and enlightened self-interest to refer to the remittance motivated by a combination of altruism and self-interest. The combination is meant to show the possibility of remitting based on contractual agreements made between the migrant and the family back home so as to get mutual benefits. Independently after almost two decades of the above theory of Lucas and Stark, (Agarwal and Horowitz, 2002) pointed out that the two primary incentives explored in the remittance literature are altruism and risk sharing (some sort of self interest according to Lucas and Stark, 1985) which is similar concepts t o other literatures but slightly different. In the same theoretical explanation, however, (Quinn, 2005 as cited in Niimi et al, 2009) in contrast, suggested another model of remittance behavior whereby remittance are treated as both consumption transfer to households and as alternative saving mechanism for migrants. Many immigrants use the alternative saving mechanism when they think that they will be back to their country of origin some day in the future. Under such circumstances, immigrants want to own fixed assets that will help them live without any problem upon return. Though it is not usual to see immigrants returning to their country of origin; this increases the flow of remittance. (Dustmann and Mestres, 2008) contended that immigrants return policy increases the probability of remitting more motivated by holding assets and savings in home country for future purposes. Similarly, remittances are also attached with household consumption especially in the altruism concept so as to take care of family in origin country. Depending on these theoretical arguments, it can be said that income of both the household back home and the migrant determines how the remittance flow could be. Income of the migrants has many factors that could affect which otherwise would contribute the lion share in determining how to remit. Buch and Kuckulenz (2004) claimed that microeconomic factors such as education and income level of the migrant and his family are the main determinants of remittance. Briere et al (2002) and Agarwal, Buch and Kuckulenz (2004) also found that migrants destination, gender and household composition are the other factors that affect the flow of remittances. Adams, Guptaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. On the other hand, at the macro-level, factors operating in both the host and the country of origin will affect the flow of remittance (El-sakka and Mcnabb, 1999). However, for countries who would like to maximize the capital inflow it looks difficult to frame policies based on the different factors of the host country as it is out of their control. Indeed, the factors in the host country are important components behind the motivation of the remitter as these factors affect the remitters income status. These are related with economics nature of the host country which have direct impact upon wages earned by the migrants and this in turn will determine their won consumption and saving behavior and thus the potential amount to be remitted. This type of experience can be easily found from the 2009 global financial crises which affected the income of migrants and eventually decreased the capital inflow to developing countries. The decrease in remittance to developing countries in this per iod has bitterly affected those countries which depend on remittance for their national foreign currency reserve. This gave these countries a message to review their remittance related policies and diversify their source of capital funds. El-sakka and Mcnabb, (1999) suggested that macro-economic factors such as interest rates, exchange rates and political instability of the country of origin affects the behavior of remitters. Accordingly, they argue that macro-economic factors should be suitable enough so as to encourage remittance flows to the country of origin. For these reasons countries would like to make exchange rates competitive by depreciating their own currencies with the intention of attracting more capital inflows, but sometimes it is associated with risk of bringing high inflation rate for the country. El-sakka and Mcnabb, (1999) on their part argued that higher inflation could discourage the flow of remittance as higher inflation rate could be a sign of economic and pol itical instability. To curb such associated problems, therefore, different variables should be taken into consideration while framing remittance related policy. On the other hand, empirical analysis using data from Egypt shows that remittance flows are responsive to interest rate and exchange rate differentials (ibid, 1985). Attractive interest and exchange rates would eventually lead immigrants to think of investing their money in their home country. Ratha (2003) also suggested that macroeconomic policies of the country of origin matter a lot whether remittances are to be invested or not. If remittances are encouraged to be invested, there is better chance for the economy to get more than two benefits from the same source. Interest rate differential between country of origin and host country, government domestic policies, wages, political risk factors and the rate of inflation determines remittance flows (Buch and Kuckulenz 2004). Since the aim of the study is to find out the factors that determine the patterns and trends of remittance flow; the two approaches can contribute some from different perspectives in framing the better solution for the research question. Off course, both the micro and macro level factors focus on the individual behavior of the remitter from personal experience and from national policy perspective. The personal experiences are those factors that affect at the micro-level: whilst, the national policy factors are those at macro-level factors that contribute in determining the individuals behavior in remitting. However, in most literatures the advocates of each approach neither discussed nor ruled out the counter ideas. For instance, the micro-economic theorists didnt discuss the possibility of macro-economic factors and the same goes for the macro-level theorists. This makes difficult to uncover the exact relationship of each theory and what they actually think of each other. For instan ce, Buch and Kuckulenz (200) argued that the main problem of microeconomic case studies is that they tend to undervalue the macroeconomic impact of remittance by focusing on isolated communities. (reference for combined studies). Thus, this study will have the chance to investigate this problem by looking into both approaches at the same time and adding up other perspectives beyond the economic theorization. The two theories focuses on the economic determinants of remittance, however, this study will go beyond this and touches other aspects that affects the patterns and trends of remittance flow. The study will also add another perspective to the remittance literature by going deep using qualitative method of studies. This is because most studies on this business have been made using quantitative method. This means, this theoretical framework adds other variables such as cultural, social and political factors that affect the flow of remittance. In a different perspective, Elbadawi and Rocha (1992) discussed concerning motivations to remit as two broad approaches viz. the endogenous which is based on the social and human aspects that cause remittance and the exogenous which is based on only the economic aspects.

The Effect of Technology Over Time :: Personification Essays

The Effect of Technology Over Time It's amazing to see how times have changed. Since I am an old schoolhouse, I've seen a lot of changes within the last 80 years. There have been little changes within me such as new wallpapering and windows, but this isn't all about me. Technology in education has really startled me. I never thought technology would have advanced this far. I still have to laugh to myself every so often. Kids now-a-days talk about how hard school is and how hard their teachers are on. However, I know differently. December 1920-- It's a cold, cloudy winter day. Boys and girls from all over the city are fighting the snow as they come up my wooden steps to the cold hallway. Overcoats and boats are drying as they are stacked against the wall. Kindergarten to fourth grade inhabits three small rooms, which are heated by a radiator. The main source of heat comes from a coal stove that is centrally located in the middle of the building. A little boy stokes the stove each day before and after school. Rooms are poorly lit, especially in the winter. Oil lamps and sunshine are the only source of light. Each class is taught by a middle to elderly age woman. If she happens to get married or pregnant, this is the last time we see her. Teachers always seem to give homework unless it is a holiday or something is happening in the town. There are 8 classes a day, one of which is Penmanship. There are no pens or pencils, just ink wells. If a pen is pressed too hard, it would then splatter and turn th e whole paper black, leaving the student to re-do his/her project. April 1946-- It's a beautiful spring day just a couple years after the Great Depression and my school and peoples' lifestyles are really looking up. I'm completely heated by a furnace, and lighting has never been better, thanks to the installation of light bulbs. Wooden pencils have become popular, leaving ink wells a thing of the past. Some of the more fortunate people have automobiles now, which provides some kids with an easy way to school. While my life was improving, a schoolhouse, up the road about two hours, seemed to be stuck back in 1800's.

Rupture of Senses

â€Å"In a room full of business people, one would get information about which individuals were important, which were confident, which were sexually receptive, which in conflict, all through smell. The difference is that we don’t have a trigger response. We’re aware of smell, but we don’t automatically react in certain ways because of it, as most animals would.†Ã¢â‚¬â€œApparently something that words alone could not exactly describe, smell envelopes us in a way that it appears to be a sort of aura that we produce around us. In a room where people of different personalities, status, and position are thrown together, the difference in smell could be used to identify who is who.A rich person might smell of a very delicate and expensive fragrance whereas a commoner would have the natural bodily scent, unaltered by colognes or perfumes.â€Å"When a man gets involved with a woman for any length of time, his facial hair starts to grow faster than it did before. Women who are cloistered away from men (in a boarding school, say), enter puberty later than women who are around men.Mothers recognize the odor of their newborn children, and vice versa, so some doctors are experimenting with giving children bursts of their mothers’ odor, along with the anesthetic, during operations. Babies can smell their mother entering a room, even if they can’t see her.† (29)–Smell is always accompanied by much stronger pheromones that all members of the animal kingdom have. These pheromones are not only valuable for marking territories and leaving traces for other animals to find but it is also quite significant for humans. While human pheromones are not yet exactly identified, subconsciously, people can guess at the origin of a certain scent.This is particularly obvious when it concerns mother and child. It may be attributed to the fact that they spent nine months attached to each other that they have established such a strong bond. But smell is something that pretty resembles a fingerprint. And this certain â€Å"print† is what attract babies to their mothers and vice versa.Men, on the other hand, naturally find a female at certain points of their life. Having a woman or being involved with a woman perhaps increases or intensifies the effects of pheromones that it increases the production of hormones, in effect having the facial hairs grow more rapidly than usual.

My Favorite Childhood Memory

As time goes by, there was this event which happened during my childhood keeps grinding in my brain. The one thing which I favor the most was to watch cartoon all day long. My childhood was so much influenced by Disney cartoons. The little girl would always have the thoughts of breaking the TV glass and get into it to join them. Me as the youngest in the family would let myself to play in a place of my own creation with the characters present in the cartoon. My parents were aware of my craze towards the fantasy land and the characters. In a splendid summer, my parents took my other siblings and me to somewhere really far from our home. My siblings and I rushed to the windows of the car to get the best position to view the beauty of newly existed city in our life. It was magnificently beautiful to look at the tall buildings out of the car windows. The pain in the neck was greatly ignored over the breathtaking city as we were had to look up in the air. After the hours of journey, my daddy stopped off the car at our favorite restaurant which has a star on it. Carls Jr. was the place we always yearn for. We had queued at the washroom door to take turn—empting the over filled bladder. Now, all the eyes are helping the brain to glance through the menu board to decide the meal for the hungry stomach. Jr. Meal set was the most appetizing menu for little kids. As usual my lovely elder sister had educated me over my ill table manners since I munched while my mouth opened wide and dinned. Belching sounds were heard among the family members who marked the filled stomach. Before, we jump into the car, mom instructed her kids to drain out the urine as it takes another couple of hours before we hit the destination. Silence was observed in the car except the fine classical music played to help us rest the strained eyes. Snoring and drooling had been part of the journey to a veiled land. The sun shone straight to face forcing us to open the long closed eyes. Eyes were trying to keep focus on a figure standing against the sun. It was mommy, waiting for her kids to awake from their sleeps. On by one, leaped out of the car while blocked by mom and dad from viewing the surrounding. Daddy urged us to close our eyes. Next, we heard mommy saying â€Å"darlings, you may disclose your eyes†. While sun shines happily to us, we hardly could see the place hid over the sun shine. Yet, we identified a great gateway and a castle which always appears at the beginning of any Disney cartoon or movies. It was Disney Land. My siblings and I were jumped freely in the summer warm sky as we were surged with happiness and so much joy. The heart could hardly believe the eyes.

The Lion In Winter essays

The Lion In Winter essays The Reality of the Medieval Soap Opera The Lion in Winter begins with a friendly sword fight between father and son, a lively jousting match, and a battle led by King Henry IIs son, Geoffrey of Brittany. All scenes are typical of the 12th century. A few mistakes did exist, however, which included reference to syphilis, pulp paper, and Christmas trees. Despite minor errors, the greatest historical accuracy lies within the portrayal of the royal families of England and France. Both families are uniquely connected and utterly dysfunctional, which is characteristic of many soap operas today. Henrys sons are continuously fighting over the throne and plotting with the enemy, the king of France, Phillip II Augustus. Meanwhile, Queen Eleanor is constantly instigating arguments over the children, his mistress, and their marriage. Henry IIs children are notoriously known for their misconduct and rebellion. Following Henrys eldest sons death, brothers Richard, Geoffrey and John fight competitively to be heir to the thrown. One of The Lion In Winters major themes is the family tension that exists over Henrys heir. The film accurately grasps the character of the brothers desire to acquire the crown. For example, there is a scene where each brother seeks out Philip II Augustus, the king of France, in order to create an alliance. All three are caught red handed when Henry surprises them all with a visit to Philip. Richard, known as the Lionheart, has been built up in history as a constant soldier and sometimes poet. The picture adheres to this description. Richard states his loyalty to his fathers kingdom by refusing to give up Alix or the Aquitaine if he becomes king. Furthermore, Richards softer side is revealed by means of his apparent love affair with Philip. This follows historical belief that Richard Lionheart was a homosexual. Like his brother,...

How writing influences and changes a society Essay

How writing influences and changes a society - Essay Example Many literature analysts believe that while looking at only one dimension of writing interchanges, educational, institutional, professional, and social settings limits the potentiality of writing discourse and the means through which writing enters into the dynamic unfolding of situations and events. To understand various modes in which writing possess an influence on our minds, we need to explore the practices that people engage in to produce texts as well as the ways that writing practices gain their meanings and functions as dynamic elements of specific cultural settings. Traditionally, writing has elucidated the motivation factor behind scriptures and text analysis, which for centuries have demonstrated human nature while examining the limitations of the meanings, humans predicted from writing. As earliest as writing within scriptural religions, we can see that religion was a start to influence people with written sacred texts. It was due to the writings that bestowed upon the th en people, motivation to fit themselves into sophisticated culture and form a part of modernized society. The initial examples of writing influences were that from the meaning people could opt out of holy books such as the Bible, Talmud and Koran. Of course these sacred books while determining a precise culture of humanity, initiated to what we call today as 'philosophy' and other intellectual endeavors that later involved criticizing claims of opponents, which motivated analysis of texts to find flaws in reasoning, confusions, or other limitations. Sacred writings also evolved a sense of legal/illegal among the people for which written law became a matter of precedence, followed by written legal briefs which became important to determine what the law really said, what the loopholes were, how precedents could be used to argue one side or another, what the weaknesses and strengths were of opposing arguments. The power of writing has always attempted to make changes in a society and no doubt that it has remained successful in diverting its audience to acknowledge the power of pen. But in order to make desirable changes, it has not hesitated to present before the society a mirror, through which the audience has accepted their cultural loopholes and foremost weaknesses. Therefore it is said that a society is reflected in the literature, it is not the literature that reflects a society. However, many authors believe that literature predicts the hegemony and culture of society. One can see that cultural text anthologies of rhetoric have become histories, since they are primarily concerned with displaying a sense of order and continuity, and also because of the reason that such rhetorics displayed the time it wrote in the literature. It would be naive to consider anthologies as mere

Impact of the world bank and UNCTAD on developing countries Essay

Impact of the world bank and UNCTAD on developing countries - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) is a trade development agreement and the world’s apex financial institutions like World Bank have highly conjectured on the welfare dynamics of the developing nations. In the exorbitant milieu of a complex business process and developing globalization, economic inequality can be said to be one of the primal parameters in the measurement of the growth and the developmental judgment of several economies of the world. Capitalism, colonialism, an influx of capital spread and concentration of wealth has generated prosperity among several territories of the world and has given rise to the developed and rich nations. In the trading pattern also the developed countries have been seizing a mammoth amount of wealth with the dominance over the less developed and developing nations and have brought the mechanism of the trading pattern in their own hands with the dictating behavior of the wealth in their own hand and the drawing of the valuable resources for production and economic development in their own territorial entity. The less developed and the developing nations of the world have been highly lacking in resources and lacking in wealth accumulation with the dominance of the developed and rich nations in their favor. The lack of resources, as well as the lack in the wealth accumulation of these countries, have made these countries plunge into the realms of a vicious circle of poverty and have lead to the utter misfortune of these countries. Thus there has been the requirement of various international financial institutions to try and develop the economic deterioration of these countries and impart these countries towards the trajectory of sustainable growth. UNCTAD’s motive was directed towards a stylized development mission. At that juncture, the world has been changed drastically and the critical division of the East-West was making the very lit tle significant change after the collapse of the Berlin Wall. The axis of the North-South was a reality of the world with the North being depicted as the developed nations and the south being that of the developing as well as the developing nations. The trajectory of the development on the angle of North-South division was becoming the prime concern regarding the division of the developing as well as the developed nations. At this critical juncture, there was a high emergence of a developmental strategy which would be throwing the developing nations towards a domain where they will be receiving a high sigh of relief. The creation of UNCTAD was basically conjectured on the agenda of promoting development and advancement to the un-developed as well as the under-developed and newly independent countries as well as the newly industrialized countries (NICs). The main purpose of its establishment was focused on the economic integration of these economies into the world economy through the method of a balanced approach. It was the time when UNCTAD was developed, the world was at the summit of the East-West conflict and the south has been emerging as an economic clustering of poor countries vis-a-vis the northern countries which are the rich countries.